No, they are different sizes/part numbers and are not interchangeable between the platforms, although the functions of the pods and general layout/concept of the system is similar.
One important difference is that on the W124, the center vent control pod (interestingly, one of the ones that goes out most often) is located INSIDE the heater box. The top door of the heater box must be removed and the pod down inside the box can be carefully removed and replaced. It's easier to be done by someone with a smaller hand.
The W126 does not have this pod INSIDE the heater box. Rather, it is located outside, though it is still a PITA in terms of overall accessibility, it is doable with patience.
Also, for the W124, the dashboard MUST be completely removed to access several of the pods. For a first-time DIYer, dashboard removal on a W124 is probably 1.5-3 hours as part of the overall job. The footwell pod and the defroster pod on the W124 do not require removal of the dash, but that is only one-third of the job. The center vent pod, the diverter pod, and the recirculation pods (the other four) DO require removal of the dashboard.
For the W126, the dashboard is NOT required to be removed to replace all six of the pods, although it is a fair bit easier to replace a couple of them if the dashboard is removed (which introduces more time/labor to do).